Polyphony in the Middle Ages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polyphony in the Middle Ages - Research Paper Example This form of progression gave the music resonance that is so fascinating. The first parallel organum was the Musical enchiriadis (Musical Handbook) which emerged in 9th century1. Occasionally, two voices in the music began in unison followed by vox organalis climbs to its hiatus, receding at the ends of phrases to the unison. This form was followed by the Ad organum facienddum2 . In 11th century, four other organums emerged. This include florid organum, melismatic organum, duplum organum and organum purum. Dalahoyde notes that the unmeasured melismatic dupum invoved the use of long tenure notes. Aquitanian organum of the 11th century which is linked to the French SW ‘Discant organum’ involved the use of two voices falling into a rhythmic style. This style of organum involved 6/8 or sometimes 8/9 fell, singing at the same pace for a passage. Dalahoyde reveals that in the 11th and 12th century, the octaves, fourth and fifth were perceived constant but not thirds. He notes that the standard closing sonority was 1-5-8 structure because it involved two perfect intervals3. Notre-Dome is also a style of early organum which came into being in 12th century. Its is derived from the Notre Dame Cathedral which was constructed in 1163. Notre Dame has two parts: organa and several clausulae, motets and Conductus. In organa, the melody involved the use of long notes with the organal part being left free and measured rhythm but with complex melismata. The free melismatic style is used when the original melody of the playsonng is syllabic in nature. Under discantus style, two parts of the play song moves notes by note rhythmically or in forms derived from the music of troubadour. The discantus style is employed especially when playchant is elaborated in lyrical form4. Clausula is another form of Notre Dame Style developed in 12th and 13th century. It is based on small portions of Gregorian chant as opposed to the organa which is based on the whole chant. This style involved squat compositions based on responsorial chant of melisma. Under this style, the tenor has no full text, nevertheless, icipit or just a syllable to show the chant from which tenure is taken from5. Organum Purum is another form of the Notre Dame which is employed where chants are syllabic. This implies situations where tenor cannot be modal. Immediately the tenure employs ligatures, its tenure transforms to modal and becomes discant which is the second type. Copula is the third form which entails the use of loh. de garlandia used between the discant and organum. Under Notre Dame Style, there are some distinctions that exist whether the style is strictly modal or not. Under duplum organum in its purum organum parts of syllables, the parts of cum littera in two-part conductus, monophonic conductus and copulae would be part of repertory. This are not strictly modal. Under monophonic songs, whether it is a conductus or a chant by Petrotin, musical standards for declamation is n ot varied as was the case with traditional types. Research has shown that there is a lot of variance and fluency of declamatory speech rhythms used in chants and should, therefore, govern it6. Florid organum is a musical genre of the twentieth century. Under this genre, there exist between two to six notes sung in the original voice but under a single nonstop note in the tenor. This is the principle also followed by the Paris duplum organum and Saint Martial organum. In the mid twentieth century,

A Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

A Journal opinion article - Essay Example ObamaCare a health insurance has the official name of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to Health Care that was enacted into law in 2010 and will be implemented this year. One of the salient implications of the law when it is fully implemented in 2014 would be the enforced coverage of patients which insurance companies presently deem as â€Å"high risk†. It will also refocus the policy orientation of health care practices from being reactive (as coverage focuses on treatment) to being proactive as the new health care policy will also put importance on preventive therapies. Where before check-ups, consultations and preventive therapies requires a co-pay from policy holders, it will no longer be required under the new law so as not to discourage patients from availing preventative measures in looking after their health. Obama’s new health care policy will also address the present inequitable distribution of health care spending. Previously, half of the total expenditures in health care were spent on the 5% of the population and only 3% were spent on the 50% of the population. As it currently stands, the majority of American population receives only a miniscule fraction of health care expenditure while half of its total health care expenditures were spent on a small privilege number of Americans. Clearly, there was an uneven and inequitable distribution of health care cost allocation which the law would like to address. The new law intends to address and rectify this inequity in health coverage by the mechanism of the Obamacare. Under Obamacare, Government’s funding for Medicaid, the US government’s health care program for lower income families will be expanded thus covering more low income Americans. In addition, the new health care policy will also expand its coverage to employee’s children the age of 27. Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act when fully implemented next year, health insurance co mpanies can no longer refuse coverage adults who have pre-existing conditions. Perhaps this component of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act made the law a â€Å"true patient’s bill of rights†. This law if fully implemented in 2014 will end one of the most unpleasant practices of insurance companies to unilaterally rescind or cancel a health insurance policy which were becoming a frequent practice among insurance companies to bend the legalities of an insurance coverage to avoid expensive insurance claims. Also, lifetime caps or limitation of the amount of insurance coverage which is the current practice of insurance companies on individual policies will also be removed when Obama’s new health care policy will be fully implemented in 2014. The budge for Medicare will also increase significantly. This increase of budget in Medicare has an implication to rural hospitals and other health care establishments that have a small number of Medicare patients w ill also be included in Medicare payment. Although well intended, President Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act however was met with rabid criticism. Recently, Obama care had been the main cause of Republicans and Democrats came into a gridlock that no budget was allocated in 2014 that caused the government to shutdown in October 2014 in the effort of Republicans to defund Obamacare. Among those issues leveled against it and its implication are its added costs because the expanded coverage of Medicaid and Medicare will require additional funding from the federal government.

Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Financial Statements Essay What does the Consolidated Statements of Earnings the income statement tell you about the company? Why is this statement important? What business decisions could be made using the income statement? What does the balance sheet tell you about the company? Why is  the balance sheet important? What business decisions could be made using the balance sheet? What does the statement of cash flows tell you about the company? What business decisions could be made using the statement of cash flows? What information is provided in the statements that will assist you in making these business decisions? What information is not provided that could assist in managerial decision making? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Business Accounting Using Home Depot, Inc. 2008 Annual Report located in Appendix A of the text, Fundamentals of Financial Accounting , prepare a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you answer the following questions: What does the income statement tell you about the company? Why is this statement important? What business decisions could be made using the income statement? What does the balance sheet tell you about the company? Why is the balance sheet important? What business decisions could be made using the balance sheet? What does the statement of cash flows tell you about the company? What business decisions could be made using the statement of cash flows? What information is provided in the statements that will assist you in making these business decisions? What information is not provided that could assist in manager Follow the link to get tutorial https://bitly.com/12BS8dD When you are traveling far from home for college, determine whether you should bring your vehicle or leave it home. In areas of high population, free parking spaces can be difficult to find. Also, if you have a car on campus, you will have to pay for regular maintenance as well as insurance and gas. Business Accounting Using Home Depot, Inc. 2008 Annual Report located in Appendix A of the text, Fundamentals of Financial Accounting , prepare a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you answer the following questions: What does the income statement tell you about the company? Why is this statement important? What business decisions could be made using the income statement? What does the balance sheet tell you about the company? Why is the balance sheet important? What business decisions could be made using the balance sheet? What does the statement of cash flows tell you about the company? What business decisions could be made using the statement of cash flows? What information is provided in the statements that will assist you in  making these business decisions? What information is not provided that could assist in managerial decision making?

Clean Air Act Title VI Essay -- Environment Geology

Clean Air Act Title VI An Examination of the Goals, Plans for Implementation, and the Effectiveness at Achieving these Goals Introduction and Background Ozone is a substance which plays a pivotal role in anthropogenic life. Formed by having three oxygen molecules bond together, it becomes a molecule whose formulaic makeup is 03. While contributing to only a small amount of atmospheric makeup, this is a molecule that without which, human life could not survive. Ozone is the one gas which absorbs long wavelength UV radiation (UVB). This radiation has been known to cause skin cancers, increase risk for glaucoma, and damage the immune system. 90% of all ozone is found in the stratosphere, with the other 10% making up tropospheric smog (http://earth1.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaa06.html). Located between 9 and 31 miles above the Earthà ­s surface, ozone is situated in roughly a sphere-like shape through diffusion across the atmosphere. This sphere is constantly changing in cycles through the natural breakdown and buildup of ozone. Stratospheric ozone depletion did not become a problem until after the 1950à ­s, when CFCs began to be manufactured. These chlorofluorocarbons were found in propellant aerosols, any type of machinery which was required to lower temperature, solvents, fire retardants (halons) and as byproducts of styrofoam production (http://ess.geology.ufl.edu). While CFCs are highly stable molecules in the lower atmosphere, upon entering the upper atmosphere, they encounter UV radiation. This radiation splits the CFC and releases a free-roaming chlorine molecule. The chlorine molecule destroys ozone at an alarming rate, with one catalytic Cl being able to account for the destruction of 100,000 ozone molecules... ...e previous years had shown a general trend of increase in ozone hole size. Now, the effects of the Clean Air Act being realized. Hopefully, through the efforts of the EPA and other groups throughout the world, the problem of stratospheric ozone depletion can be handled and even decreased. But more can be done. While the US has championed the cause towards a better world with ozone, many other countries choose to ignore the dangers of UVB through extensive lobbying by companies that have stakes in the production of CFCs. Without full cooperation from the global community, the problem will never be completely solved, as shown here (http://ess.geology.ufl.edu). If nations follow the lead of the US, utilizing alternative chemicals as propellants and finding new chemicals for air refrigerants, then the problem of stratospheric ozone depletion will be a problem no more.

Mpo Notes

Extrinsic motivation is related to rewards such as salary, job security, benefits, promotional prospects, the working environment and its conditions. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual. It relates to rewards which are psychological such as positive recognition and a sense of challenge and achievement. Vroom’s expectancy theory – Vroom believes that people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of the goal and if they can see that what they do will help them to achieve it.Maslow Theory hierarchy of needs – self actualisation, esteem needs self esteem recognition status, social needs sense of belonging love, safety needs security protection, physiological needs hunger thirst. Herzberg two factor theory – hygiene factors (maintenance factors to avoid dissatisfaction but do not necessarily motivate employees) – Company policy and administration, Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration, Qua lity of supervision, Quality of inter-personal relations, Working conditions, Feelings of job security.Motivator factors – Status, Opportunity for advancement, Gaining recognition, Responsibility, Challenging / stimulating work, Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job. McGregor’s X and Y theory – Theory X = Individuals who dislike work and avoid it where possible, Individuals who lack ambition, dislike responsibility and prefer to be led, Individuals who desire security. Theory Y = Consider effort at work as just like rest or play, Ordinary people who do not dislike work.Depending on the working conditions, work could be considered a source of satisfaction or punishment, Individuals who seek responsibility (if they are motivated). Taylor’s scientific management theory – Man is a rational economic animal concerned with maximising his economic gain, People respond as individuals, not as groups, People can be treated in a standardised fashion, like machines. Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Model is a further development of Vroom’s theory.It considers performance as a whole, pointing out that effort expended does not lead directly to performance but is influenced by the ability of the individual and his/her perceptions. They identify motivation, performance and satisfaction as individual and separate variables and attempt to explain the relationships between the three. Adam’s equity theory – focuses on the way people feel they have been treated in the workplace, looks at fairness of treatment between people, expectation – what people expect to receive in return for there hard work.People may try and get others to leave, they may start to compare themselves to someone who they think they are more like. Methods of removing inequity – increased pay, perks, better working conditions, transfer a member to another department. Locke’s goal theory – clarity, challeng e, commitment, feedback, task complexity. Teamwork is important for staff morale, work performance. Empowerment, quality circle and TQM. Improves productivity, improving quality, improvement in motivation and commitment.Organisations arrange their workforce into groups of people who work together for a common purpose or goal but who each have their own jobs to do. Teamwork creates synergy, in groups leadership is shared, empowerment is making people responsible for the quality of their own work, it enables all knowledge to be utilised, and people doing the work are those that know most about the job. Where group members share the same office this can lead towards group cohesiveness.Good teamwork – Commitment to the team’s success as well as the development of team member, The appropriate skills to do the tasks, The team has its own clear identity to both the members and others, Team members are positive and motivated, The team learns from mistakes and copes with setbac ks, The team is results focussed and produces real results. The authoritarian manager: Motivates by reward, Imposes decisions, Does not delegate, Has only a superficial trust in their staff, Occasionally involves staff in solving problems.The democratic manager: Shares opinions and ideas, Has complete confidence and trust in their staff, Allows staff to participate in making decisions, Motivates by reward for achieving goals set by participation. The autocratic manager: Threatens or bullies staff into action, never delegates, Always imposes decisions on others, Has no trust and confidence in staff, Has little communication and teamwork.

What Is Resource Partitioning Definition and Examples

Resource partitioning is the division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche. In any environment, organisms compete for limited resources, so organisms and different species have to find ways to coexist with one another. By examining how and why resources are allocated in a particular niche, scientists can better understand the complex ecological interactions between and in species. Common examples of resource partitioning include the Anole lizards and a number of bird species. Key Takeaways The division of resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche is called resource partitioning.Intraspecific competition denotes competition for resources by individuals of the same species.Interspecific competition is the competition for resources by individuals of different species.By studying resource partitioning, scientists can understand how the addition or removal of a species may impact the overall usage of resources in a given habitat or niche. Resource Partitioning Definition The original concept of resource partitioning refers to the evolutionary adaptations in species as a response to the evolutionary pressure from interspecific competition. The more common basic biological usage is based on the different uses of resources by species in a particular niche and not on the specific evolutionary origin of such differences. This article explores the latter convention. When organisms compete for limited resources, there are two primary types of competition: intraspecific and interspecific. As the prefixes denote, intraspecific competition refers to competition for limited resources by individual organisms of the same species, while interspecific competition refers to the competition for limited resources by individuals of different species. When species compete for the exact same resources, one species typically has the advantage over another, even if only slightly so. The complete competition maxim states that complete competitors cannot coexist. The species with the advantage will persist in the long term. The weaker species will either become extinct or will transition to occupying a different ecological niche. Habitat Partitioning Examples One way that species can partition resources is by living in different areas of a habitat versus their competitors. One common example is the distribution of lizards in the Caribbean islands. The lizards mostly eat the same types of food—insects. However, they can live in different microhabitats within the context of their larger habitat. For example, some lizards can live on the forest floor while others may live higher up in the habitat in trees. This differentiation and partitioning of resources based on their physical location allows the different species to coexist more effectively with one another. Food Partitioning Examples Additionally, species can more effectively coexist based on food partitioning. For example, among species of lemur monkeys, food may be discriminated by the chemical characteristics of the food. Food partitioning based on plant chemistry can play an important role. This allows different species to coexist while eating similar yet chemically different foods. Similarly, species may have an affinity for different parts of the same food. For example, one species may prefer a different part of the plant than another species, allowing them to effectively coexist. Some species may prefer the leaves of the plant while others prefer the plant stems. Species can also partition food based on other characteristics such as different activity patterns. One species may consume most of their food during a certain time of day while another may be more active at night. Long-Term Effects of Resource Partitioning By partitioning out resources, species can have long-term coexistence with one another in the same habitat. This allows both species to survive and thrive rather than one species causing the other to go extinct, as in the case of complete competition. The combination of intraspecific and interspecific competition is important in relation to species. When different species occupy slightly different niches in relation to resources, the limiting factor for population size becomes more about intraspecific competition than interspecific competition. Similarly, humans can have profound effects on ecosystems, particularly in causing species to go extinct. The study of resource partitioning by scientists can help us understand how the removal of a species may impact the overall allocation and usage of resources both in a particular niche and in the broader environment. Sources Walter, G H. â€Å"What Is Resource Partitioning?† Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 21 May 1991, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1890851.Ganzhorn, Jà ¶rg U. â€Å"Food Partitioning among Malagasy Primates.† SpringerLink, Springer, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00376949.

Fahrenheit 451 As A Dystopian Society - 1181 Words

â€Å"Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family.† - Kofi Annan. This quote states that education is the key to power and guiding others. The main character in Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag, lives in a dystopian society where people have lost their will to think and communicate with others. In Montag’s society, books are prohibited from civilians because they are deemed offensive, ultimately causing the brain dead downfall of their society. Montag’s profession is a firefighter, who lights houses on fire that contain books in them to shield the society of knowledge. After meeting a spirited well thought girl named Clarisse and an old retired professor named Faber,†¦show more content†¦Both of these characters have a hard time trying to communicate with other people. Only in his society, Montag has the ability to make real relationships and connections with other people in his l ife. These people can greatly impact his life for the better as well as offer wisdom such as his friends, Clarisse and Faber, who are responsible for Montag’s realization of his society. Although both characters are prohibited to do what they want, Montag is capable of doing much more than Truman. The only thing Montag cannot do in his society is read and possess books which is prohibited by the government. Montag is prohibited to read, but still reads anyway which allows him to understand what his society is really like. â€Å"There must be something in books, something we can’t imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You don’t stay for nothing.† The government prohibits people to become self-aware, much like the people controlling Truman’s society. In a way, both of these characters live in the same society. In Truman’s society, his capabilities are very limited as he is controlled by the soci ety to do what they would like. Because Truman is heavily monitored, it is hard for him to do different things and go to new places. If Truman is feeling adventurous, his feelings are immediately shut down by other actors. In the Truman Show, Truman’s dream is to go to FijiShow MoreRelated`` Fahrenheit 451 `` By Dystopian Society912 Words   |  4 PagesAn utopian, or perfect, society is where people is over satisfied and has no complaints, obstacles about their way of life in that community. In the novel Fahrenheit 451, the government believe they have made quite such a place but in reality, the society this novel is portraying is a dystopia, where everything is bad, unpleasant, the opposite of an utopia. This depicts dystopian society because of common suicide, relationships, technology, emotions and their environment they are living in. TheRead MoreFahrenheit 451 As A Dystopian Society Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesImagine living in a society where the whole world of literature has been completely turned upside down. Books are now being burned in attempt to stop the characteristic we know as individuality and a dystopian society seeks to control the population by eliminating individual desires, thoughts and passions. The novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury explores the idea of a dystopian society that burns books to eliminate individuality and specific opinions between all persons. The protagonistRead MoreDystopian Society In Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury749 Words   |  3 Pages Ray Bradbury ´s wrote a book about this dystopian society where everything in our world is backwards in their world, they can speed, they burn books, and everybody is always gloomy and sad. Montag changed his mindset throughout the book, he went from burning books to saving them from getting burnt. Mildred on the other hand , continuously stayed the same throughout the book. She beginned the book showing she did not care, and carried that same mentality through the rest of the book. Ray Bradbury ´sRead MoreA Dystopian Society in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451654 Words   |  3 Pageshasn’t gotten the point of completely censoring everything. In Fahrenheit 451, a novel about a dystopian society, Ray Bradbury illustrates what he believes our world should be like right now. This scarily accurate novel demonstrates the way technology has affected knowledge and relationships in both our world and the world of Fahrenheit 451 in the same way. One of the many ways our world is similar to the dystopian world of Fahrenheit 451 is in the way technology affects our relationships. TechnologyRead MoreDystopian Society In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1243 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury takes the reader to a dystopian society where firemen do more harm than good. The setting takes place in a large United States city in the year 2053. The story has a futuristic and dark tone which makes the reader wonder what the future holds. Has the government become so corrupt that it has the power to control everything? Ray Bradbury tells a story of what happens to society when the government controls people and replaces happiness with distractions. The charactersRead MoreDystopian Response To The Movie Equilibrium And Fahrenheit 451864 Words   |  4 PagesThe book Fahrenheit 451 and the movie Equilibrium have many similarities, but they also have many differences. Both Show this through the characteristics of a dystopia, the controls used, and how the main character acted. A dystopia is an imagined, unpleasant, futuristic place where society is controlled and seen to be perfect by the corrupted citizens. A dystopia is controlled through a corporate, bureaucratic, technological or philosophical control. Both of these stories are dystopian stories andRead MoreCorruption of Technology in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury739 Words   |  3 PagesFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 is a book by Ray Bradbury, written after World War II and it examines the corruption of technology in a dystopian society. This book explains how a dystopian society works and how people are so attached to television and cars and do not enjoy the natural world. People in a dystopian society are full of fear and sadness. They do not have equality or freedom, they are all so soaked up in technology that it is illegal for them to do simple stuff, suchRead MoreFarenheit451/Gattaca, Relationship Between Man and Machine1243 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolving around science and technology, usually conveying the dystopian alternative future context, the pessimistic resultant of society. Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and Andrew Niccols Gattaca (1997) both explore the values and concerns of human existence. Despite the difference in context, Gattaca and Fahrenheit 451 both extrapolate the relationship between man and machine in a metaphorical sense. Both pose similar dystop ian concepts of a machine like world. Through the use of juxtapoismRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. 1984970 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matterRead MoreThe Dystopian Themes Of Fahrenheit 4511372 Words   |  6 PagesEven though Fahrenheit 451 was written over 50 years ago many of the dystopian elements Bradbury applied to his story also apply to our current society. A large portion of today’s world is in a dystopian state such as North Korea, Sierra Leone, Chad and even Disneyland shows dystopian characteristics. The citizens that live in North Korea believe that they are in a utopian state, they worship their leader as a God, have a bureaucra tic control and also propaganda control. Four dystopian themes in Fahrenheit